More collaborative initiatives are taking place among regulatory agencies, health technology assessment (HTA) bodies and between regulatory and HTA agencies at national and regional levels. This blog by Martina Garau (Office of Health Economics) and Dr. Tina Wang (CIRS) provides a framework to navigate key aims, challenges and opportunities offered by recent initiatives and reflects on future prospects.

Healthcare decision makers face increasing pressure to review many new and complex interventions with robust methods, fast timelines and limited resources. Collaborations among decision makers have been identified as critical drivers to improve the efficiency of those decision-making systems, from clinical development phases through to reimbursement of innovative interventions, and, ultimately to accelerate access (Ollendorf et al., 2024). However, the question remains on whether different types of collaborations deliver on their many promises.

A framework to navigate current initiatives

First, we distinguish between horizontal and vertical collaborations. Horizontal collaborations occur among agencies with similar remits and responsibilities (e.g. in the regulatory or HTA space) operating in different countries or jurisdictions.

Regulatory systems, irrespective of maturity and resources, can be more effective if they are willing to leverage collaborative approaches. When CIRS conducted a survey of 32 agencies from Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East (2022), results showed several ways of executing a collaborative approach; 56% were using a collaborative review model and 72% had work-sharing arrangements. There were also regional and centralised reliance models in place (e.g., the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA)). Figure 1 presents the spectrum of collaborations taking place in the regulatory space.

Source: CIRS 2024 Workshop on New ways of working across regulatory and HTA agencies

In the HTA space, collaboration has only started to gain momentum in recent years. While collaboration can encompass various aspects (HTAi Policy Forum, 2024), from professional platforms such as the HTAi Policy Forum to public-private partnerships, this article focuses specifically on collaboration from the perspective of HTA decision making. These collaborations can be part of the same geographical area (such as in the case of the Joint Nordic HTA-Bodies collaboration) or involve sharing assessment approaches (for example, the so-called Commonwealth collaboration between agencies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK, which operate within the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) paradigm).

In contrast to the matured collaboration models among regulatory agencies, most collaborations of this kind between HTA agencies are voluntary and occupy a different place in a wide spectrum: from sharing experiences and best practices to developing approaches for common challenges (such as surrogate endpoints and modelling treatment pathways), agreeing a standard framework for producing and reporting HTA evidence (e.g. EUnetHTA Core Model), and work sharing in the form of joint assessments of new interventions (such as the upcoming HTA Regulation and the well-established BeNeLuxA initiative). Other possible remits that can be covered in collaborations are common decision making (i.e. making binding recommendations on the use or funding of new interventions in the respective jurisdictions) and sharing work around horizon scanning. Figure 2 presents the types of horizontal collaboration models in the HTA space.

Source: CIRS 2024 Workshop on New ways of working across regulatory and HTA agencies

Vertical collaborations are between agencies with different remits, usually part of different stages of the access pathway. These collaborations can occur upstream during development in the form of joint or parallel scientific advice. In Europe, the EMA-HTA advice was piloted in 2010 and has evolved through EUnetHTA Joint Actions. With the EU HTA Regulation in place, formal Joint Scientific Consultation (JSC) will commence in 2025.

In the downstream decision-making process, regulatory and HTA collaborations have been observed to align timelines and enhance communications. For example, Canada’s aligned pathway between Health Canada, CAD-AMC, and INESSS. In addition, the UK’s Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway (ILAP) offers an integrated approach from upstream development to downstream access, which aims to accelerate patient access to innovative medicines through a collaborative approach involving multiple regulatory and HTA bodies. ILAP provides pharmaceutical companies with access to various tools and services to support efficient evidence development processes.

Collaboration case studies

  1. Commonwealth collaboration (horizontal, HTA-HTA)

Recently set up in 2022, this collaboration initially involved HTA agencies from Australia (PBAC), Canada (CDA-AMC) and the UK (NICE & SMC&HTW). In 2023 it was expanded to include agencies from New Zealand (PHARMAC) and Quebec (INESSS).

Stated objectives were “to identify solutions to some of the common challenges they face”, with key priority areas being work sharing (with the possibility of developing a joint assessment pilot, while the CDA-AMC/NICE scientific advice is already operating), horizon scanning, and science and methods development (for example a digital evaluation framework).

As the collaboration has not yet publicly shared any output, we can only discuss potential benefits and challenges. Benefits could include the alignment of methods and evidence requirements on critical topics such as real-world evidence (RWE), the use of artificial intelligence, and considerations of environmental impact in HTA. This could lead to accelerated implementation of changes to methods and processes within HTA systems, which are currently informed by lengthy, resource-intensive and often duplicative efforts at the national level or within individual agencies. For example, the last NICE methods review lasted over two years, while the review of the Australian HTA systems started in October 2022 and recently concluded in May 2024.

Potential challenges include: the lack of a formal process to engage stakeholders, such as patients and developers, from the different jurisdictions; the lack or limited resources available to the agencies to support such an initiative when their priority is to deliver HTA programmes nationally; and, finally, the need to reconcile any output of the initiative with existing national health policy priorities and healthcare system contexts.

In addition, while regulators in Commonwealth jurisdictions are collaborating through initiatives like the Access Consortium, their strategic plans demonstrate an ambition to move beyond assessment work sharing and adopt a lifecycle approach. This includes collaboration on clinical trial design and early scientific advice. Consequently, horizontal collaboration among regulators in these regions may also influence downstream HTA decision-making. Identifying key touchpoints/communication between regulatory and HTA agencies will be crucial to ensuring an efficient lifecycle approach for the development, review, and reimbursement of medicines.

  1. Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway (ILAP) in the UK (vertical reg-HTA and horizontal HTA-HTA)

Established in 2021, ILAP has recently been relaunched after an overhaul. A key novelty is the inclusion of NHS as a partner, making it one of the first examples of vertical collaboration among regulatory, HTA, and payer.

The aims are to deliver efficient and timely development of medicines and provide earlier patient access to truly innovative medicines, by pulling together expertise from across the MHRA and partners in the wider healthcare system including NICE, the Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), All Wales Therapeutics and Toxicology Centre (AWTTC) and the NHS.

The impacts (both potential and observed) include:

  • benefits for patients as it should lead to access to transformative medicines sooner, e.g. Delivering guidance to the NHS at an unprecedented rate.
  • benefits for developers – in the form of market access and market readiness in the UK sooner, with potential positive spillovers in other countries.
  • benefits for regulators, HTAs and NHS as it could lead to a greater understanding of each other’s remits and better ways of working together both inside and outside of ILAP.

Key challenges experienced in the first version of the pathway, which have led ILAP partners and the UK government to relaunch the initiative, included a mismatch between the number of successful innovation passports (IP) granted at the start of the pathway and the capacity to deliver the best value to all IP holders.

Jeanette Kusel, Director for NICE Advice at NICE says “We’re transforming how ILAP delivers value to industry, to the NHS and to patients. The refreshed ILAP will operate under a better governance system, target the most transformative medicines, and provide joined-up world-leading expertise from the regulator, HTA bodies and the NHS to get these medicines from bench to bedside in record time.”

Final reflections – Collaborations in regulatory and HTA are progressing, but to deliver they need to be better linked via vertical initiatives.

Regulatory agencies worldwide have piloted or implemented several collaborative review initiatives over the past decade, including work sharing, collaborative review, joint assessment, and unilateral reliance. Since no single model fits all situations, a toolkit of several regulatory approaches is needed; these tools are enabled and facilitated by the harmonisation of technical requirements and the adoption of international standards and guidelines.

Meanwhile, a collaborative culture has been steadily developing and expanding within the HTA community. HTA collaborations span a wide range of initiatives, each impacting different aspects of the HTA process, from method development and implementation to joint assessment of specific health technologies. However, the maturity and depth of collaboration among HTA agencies are still at an early stage compared to regulatory collaborations. Collaboration is not achieved overnight; it is a gradual process that depends on trust being built between agencies over time, paving the way for work-sharing and reliance opportunities.

Without vertical collaborations the impact of horizontal collaborations in regulatory can be diluted, e.g. timelines reduced for the licensing process do not necessarily lead to shorter HTA processes if stakeholders do not engage early. For example, CIRS research showed that the rollout times for new medicines approved by Project Orbis were shorter compared to non-Orbis approvals based on shorter submission gap and approval time (CIRS Briefing 88, 2023), thereby demonstrating that global regulatory collaboration can enable faster approval of new therapies for patients with cancer. However, the expedited timelines from initiatives like Project Orbis have highlighted a longer submission gap to HTA agencies following regulatory approval. This is particularly evident with products granted Orbis Type A approvals in Australia and Canada, where the regulatory review is concurrent with FDA with simultaneous submission (less than 30 days from FDA submission) (CIRS briefing 96, 2024). Ongoing discussions among stakeholders, along with coordinated preparations for upcoming pipelines, will be essential to ensure efficient regulatory and HTA decision making.

In terms of vertical collaboration, the benefits of an aligned process through parallel submissions to regulatory and HTA agencies have been evident. Research by CIRS (CIRS briefing 96, 2024) demonstrated that parallel submissions result in an overall shorter timeline compared to sequential submissions. However, no significant influence was observed on HTA decisions, which is logical, given that HTA criteria are not affected by submission timing. Therefore, it is encouraged to better utilise parallel submissions whenever possible to facilitate aligned timing and faster decisions.

Finally, identifying the right remit of these collaborative initiatives is key. There is, for example, a strong case for joining efforts, as part of such collaborations, towards method development, alignment, and implementation to address common challenges, often associated with innovative and complex technologies. This can facilitate and accelerate national processes required for HTA reforms (Radu et al., 2024), also providing a clear signal for developers to inform innovation and evidence generation plans.

The most valuable collaborative initiatives should be identified based on their impact on key measures, such as: contribution to methodological advancements, successful implementation of new methods, improvement in the timeliness of HTA processes, and ultimate impact on patient access to high-value technologies. This will ensure that collaborative initiatives with the most significant impact on healthcare systems and patient outcomes are prioritised.